Legitimate Authority in the International System

Legitimate Authority in the International System Researchers and students of international relations are always faced with questions regarding if there is any legitimate authority in the international system. Other questions that these people are always faced with, is whether they can denote that the behavior of states is always motivated by factors such as power or even wealth. Furthermore, questions emerge on whether the interests of states are always the same, over a period of time and space. Mitchell (2012) denotes that this debate about the nature of authority in the international arena is always theoretical, focusing only on the contemporary international system. This paper critically examines the concept that there is no legitimate authority in the international system. In answering this question, the researcher will have to use a variety of theories, such as realism and liberalism. This paper takes the stand that the international system is anarchical in nature, and there is no legitimate authority. This concept of legitimate authority refers to the justification of people to have real power over other people, as well as the decisions they make. Mitchell (2012) further claims that legitimate authority is always exercised by the government, and the government derives justification in the use of such power because the power is given by the laws of the country. Krehoff (2008) agrees on the fact that there is no legitimate authority in the international system. This is because the international system is characterized by the interaction of states, and each state has its own interests and objectives in regard to the interaction (Bromley, Clarke, Hinchliffe and Taylor, 2009). One of the methods in which social scientists use to explain the relations and power in the international system is through the use of liberalism theory (Goldstein, 2912). Liberalism is a political concept that advocates for the freedom and rights of individuals. This theoretical framework recognizes the role of the state, as well as other actors in the international system in promoting democracy, freedom of expression, as well as other rights of individuals within the society (Baylis and Smith, 2001). Karp (2009) observes that this theoretical framework encourages participation in the international system, and for the purposes of promoting peace and stability. On this basis, the international system is characterized by inter-governmental organizations, multi-national companies, and non-governmental organizations. These institutions operating in the international system are responsible for shaping the various policies of states (Bromley, Clarke, Hinchliffe and Taylor, 2009). For instance institutions such as the United Nations, is responsible for discussing various issues that threaten the World Peace and coming up with a resolution that each and every member of the organization needs to follow. For instance in 2011, the UN Security Council passed a resolution that there was a need of intervening in the Libyan civil war, for purposes of preventing president Gaddafi from killing his own people Goldstein, (2012). Members of the Security Council, including the US, Britain, France, as well as other countries such as Canada, etc were able to provide equipments that could be used to enforce the decision by the UN Security council. Cornut (2010) denotes that this is an example of a legitimate authority, and this is because a legitimate authority is always justifiable by the rules guiding the operation of an institution. For example, the charter of the UN establishes the Security Council, with five permanent members who hold veto powers, and other non-permanent members. The charter denotes that the decision of this council are always legitimate, and supported by the laws of the charter in which all UN members are signatories. However, Baylis and Smith (2001) disagrees with the notion that the UN Security Council is a legitimate authority. Basu (2012) denotes that the UN Security council only serves the interests of the major powers holding the veto power. This is because the countries under consideration will always veto a policy developed that is against them. Basu (2012) further explains that the main reason as to why the Security Council attacked the government of Gaddafi was because he had a bad historical relation with western countries such as the United States, Britain, as well as France. On this basis, attacking Libya, and removing the government of Gaddafi would only serve the interests of countries such as the United States, Britain, and France. It is important to understand that these countries hold a veto powers in the UN Security Council. To prove his point, Basu (2012) identifies the structural adjustments policies brought forth by the World Bank, and IMF, during the 1980s, and the 1990s. Basu (2012) explains that these policies forced third world countries to liberalize their economies, even when they w ere not ready for such liberalization. Other demands initiated by World Bank, and IMF included the introduction of austerity measures. These measures forced the target governments to reduce spending on education, health, transport, security, and other important aspects of the economies of these countries. Cornut (2010) denotes that these austerity measures were responsible for the negative growth of these countries, as opposed to an increase in the growth of their economies. Goldstein, (2012) denotes that the World Bank, and the IMF are institutions of liberalism, and on this basis, they failed to promote equality of human rights, in regard to trade and economic stability. Instead, through their structural adjustment policies, IMF and World Bank are responsible for eroding the economies of these states. Furthermore, Goldstein, (2012) believes denotes that IMF and World Bank are controlled by its major donors, which include France, USA, Britain, as well as Japan. On this note, the policies developed by World Bank and IMF a re aimed at protecting the interests of their major financers. Dominese (2010) further denotes that the affairs of World Bank and IMF are always conducted in great secrecy, and there is no transparency while developing their policies. One of the characteristics of a legitimate authority is that it has transparency in the manner in which they develop policies. Calhoun (2002) believes that this transparency lacks in these global institutions. Dominese (2010) further asserts that a legitimate international institution will always seek to serve the interest of the international community, and not only a particular section of the international community. On this basis, institutions such as IMF and World Bank have failed to establish a legitimate international authority. Realism is a theoretical framework that supports the notion that a legitimate international authority does not exist (Goldstein, 2012). One of the principle arguments of realism is that the international system is anarchical in nature. This is because states are the major actors in the international system, and on this basis, there is no actor that has the capability of regulating the affairs of the states. Krehoff (2008) further explains that under realism, states will only relate with other states, in pursuance of their interests, and not the interest of the global good. Dominese (2010) defines international anarchy as a concept whereby the international system does not have a leader, i.e. a sovereign worldwide government does not exist. On this basis, Dominese (2010) denotes that the international system does not have a hierarchical authority which has the capability of enforcing laws, and resolving disputes, just like states in the domestic politics. This observation by Dominese (2010) is correct, and this is because legal international institutions such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) only depends on the goodwill of signatory states to arrest and handover people indicted by the court. On this basis, Goldstein, (2012) denotes that without cooperation from member states, ICC won’t be able to carry out its mandate. Tight (2005) denotes that this lack of an hierarchical structure at the international system, is one of the main reasons as to why institutions formed by the principles of liberalism will always serve the interests of rich states of the world. Basu (2012) further denotes that the accumulation of power and the need for survival are the major factors that influence the behavior of states in the international system. On this note, states will carry out any activity aimed at meeting their objectives. This creates suspicion at the international stage, amongst the various states, and because of these suspicions that exists between various states; it is difficult to create an international legitimate authority. For instance, the League of Nations failed to be a legitimate authority because of suspicions between the various states that formed the League of Nations. Based on these arguments of realism, Goldstein, (2012) explains that a legitimate international authority does not exist. In conclusion, realism is the major theory that recognizes the fact that a legitimate international authority does not exist. This is because the major arguments contained under realism, is that the international system is anarchic in nature, and the relations that occurs at the international system, are always aimed at protecting the self interests of the state under consideration. Due to this nature of states in the international arena, there is a lot of suspicion regarding the activities of states, and this makes the international system to be anarchic in nature. Because of this anarchic nature in the international system, it is very difficult for a legitimate authority to exist. To create a legitimate authority therefore, it is important to create a single interest that states should pursue in the international arena. This is a concept that is very difficult, and impossible to achieve. There are two conflicting perspective on this concept of a legitimate international authority. This is because the principles of liberalism supports this notion that there is a legitimate authority and this is in form of the various institutions formed by the states, and other international bodies. Bibliography: Basu, R. (2012). International politics concepts, theories and issues. New Delhi: SAGE  Publications. Baylis, J., Smith, S. (2001). The globalization of world politics: an introduction to  international relations (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bromley, S., Clarke, J., Hinchliffe, S., Taylor, S. (2009). Exploring social lives. Milton  Keynes: Open University. Calhoun, L. (2002). Legitimate Authority and Just War in the Modern World. Peace Change,  27(1), 37-62.   Cornut, J. (2010). David A. BALDWIN (dir.), 2008, Theories of International Relations, coll.  The Library of Essays in International Relations, Farnham, Ashgate, 725 p.. Etudes  Internationales , 41(1), 98.   Dominese, G. (2010). Theories of International Relations: from an American Science Towards a  Pluralism of Thought. Transition Studies Review, 16(4), 813-828. Goldstein, J. S. (2012). International relations (10. ed.). Boston: Pearson/Longman. Karp, D. J. (2009). Transnational corporations in ‘bad states’: human rights duties, legitimate  authority and the rule of law in international political theory. International Theory, 1(01),  87. Krehoff, B. (2008). Legitimate Political Authority and Sovereignty: Why States Cannot be the  Whole Story. Res Publica, 14(4), 283-297. Mitchell, S. M. (2012). Guide to the scientific study of international processes. Hoboken, N.J.:  Wiley. Tight, M. (2005). International relations. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI.

Dar es Salaam Essay

WHY STUDENTS’ TEACHERS’ IN TANZANIA STUDY HISTORY OF EDUCATION DAVID E. MSHANA DEC. 2012 Education according to Nyerere (1967), refers to the transmission from one generation to the next the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of the society and to prepare young people for their future membership of the society and their active participation in its development. In other way it can be defined as a process of teaching, training and learning especially in schools or colleges to improve knowledge and develop skills. (Oxford Advanced learners Dictionary, 6th Edition). Education is the process of acquiring and developing desirable knowledge, specific skills, positive attitudes and values. (Thungu, J. et al, 2010) History is the study of the records of all past human experiences, as defined by a number of historians. It is concerned with political, social, economic, scientific, technological and cultural which have shaped and given birth to mankind. History of education can be defined as the study of the past development of educational systems, theories and institutions within the general historical framework of political, social, economic, scientific, technological and cultural change. (Thungu, J. et al, 2010) REASONS WHY STUDENTS’ TEACHRERS’ STUDY HISTORY OF EDUCATION First of all, studying history of education helps teachers to be in improving quality of education and strengthen professional competence. Studying history of education prepares teachers to explore and critically examine alternatives education theories, practices and culture so as to objectively determine what is acceptable. (Thungu, J. et al, 2010) Likewise, past experience help teachers to be to influence current decisions today. History of education helps teachers to be to improve decision making and judgment. Through it both good and bad examples of decision are given. History of education offers the opportunity from past example of the others through which formulation of policies to suit the current education systems are made. Moreover, helps to draw comparison of different educational ideas and to show the development of various educational theories and practices in educational context. Through comparison one is able to show the development of a particular theory and practice in historical context and demonstrates a particular condition out, which such a theory arose, the specific function that a practice was intended to serve. (Thungu, J, et al, 2010) History of education provides the opportunity to see how society has changed over centuries. It provides a better understanding of people and culture. Tanzania in particular, education system has been changing from time to time as for instance objectives of indigenous education are different from the post colonial era. Through it, teacher to be can be able to show the difference objectives of education basing on different generation. (http//:www. wikipedia. history of education/) Helps to cultivate the art of self expression, communication, inquiry, objective thinking and ability to judge on the side of the teachers to be. It enables in the developing the attitude of mind that distinguish the educated person, the habit of skepticism and criticism of thinking with perspective and objective of judging what is good or bad, as well as weighing the pros and cons. (Thungu, J. et al. 2010) Studying history of education enables student- teachers in choosing suitable methods and strategies when in classroom environment or context. Student-teachers to be in good position to avoid static methods of teaching and learning, at the same time theory improve the tradition methods to match with current situation. (http//:www. wikipedia. history of education/) Also, it exposes the student-teachers to other discipline such as history, Christian religion education, oral literature, sociology and psychology. This helps in enriching the analysis of important educational ideas. (Thungu, J. et al, 2010) It enables student-teachers in integrating both theoretical and practical education. Understanding the context of historical events engender the spirit of realism. Through various education theories creates or build good basis in implementation of curriculum. (Thungu, J. et al 2010) Then, it helps in establishing the sound knowledge and skills set in which teachers will be able to build as they are exposed to different life experiences. For instance, having studied a history of education in a certain society, a student-teacher will be in a good position to handle the students of that society effectively and efficiently. (http//:www. wikipedia. history of education/) Studying history of education helps student-teachers to translate information and judgment, experience and wisdom into relevant knowledge that a student can understand, retain and pass to others. Generally, Studying history of education for the teachers to be is of great importance to their prospects of teaching. History of education is part and parcel of the teaching profession, if a teacher wants to be effective and efficient. REFERENCES http//:www. wikipedia. history of education/ 13th, Jan, 2011; 11:08 am Ishumi, A. G. M. , (1978), Education and Development, Dar es Salaam: National Printing Company Limited. Lema, E. et al (2004), Nyerere on Education, Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press Mushi, A. K. (2009), History and Development of Education in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 6th edition, (2000). Thungu, J. et al (2010), Mastering PTE Education, Nairobi: Oxford University Press.

The Narrative Essay Outline Game

The Narrative Essay Outline Game You'll discover our payout procedure to be fast, friendly and secure, and our staff always inclined to go the additional mile to satisfy your requirements. Admissions there are lots of students. It is possible to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the aid of our professional experts. Homework help you understand about. Denote for yourself what will be the principal portion of the essay, and what's the auxiliary material. In the event the sideline form demands narrative essay outline. According to recommendation, you have to prepare outline initially before start writing the very first draft of essay. Whenever your deadline is tight, you will likely write us nervously write my essay and think we'll realize what you need from 1 sentence. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the vast majority of our clients require is essay writing. You should start your work with the analysis of the topic, on the grounds of the analysis of the topic of the essay, you opt for the material, the principal facts, and the essential points of your paper. In the debut, you've got to provide some background information regarding the subject of your thesis before you proceed to discuss your points. In general, planning is everything it requires to succeed in academic essay writing. Therefore, the reader wouldn't bear in mind the important points in the essay as such. The intricacy of the story you initially write in your mother tongue is most likely likely to be more complicated than it has to be. In spite of the fact you're telling the story during the narrative essay, you identify it using a brief story. Personal narrative essays are about personal experience that's presented in the very first individual. The debut of the narrative essay is written either in the initial or third individual. Essay outline is a skeletal outline that supplies a platform on which you are able to construct your own writing and produce your own thoughts. Admission essay examples will learn the knowledge. Before you commence writing, you should attempt to comprehend what the main aim of narrative essay writing. Moreover, only by studying material you're unable to make an impressive essay. Nowadays it is quite hard to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Composing a great narrative essay can be found in the structure you should follow. Whatever They Told You About Narrative Essay Outline Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why You are going to receive unique texts, which will be finished in time. As a rule of thumb the term count for the outline ought to be predefined based on the essay word count. Each quotation has to be in place. If you're not sure of the right punctuation, rewrite the sentence. A good outline is essential to ensuring students follow the typical essay-writing structure and remain on topic. Moreover, writing composition is only putting the relevant sentences with each other to exhibit one's understanding in addition to perception about a topic. So as to present a fantastic paper, it is essential that a student first creates an outline for the paper. Editing college students take part in order your cheap customized essay, 2011 if it is possible to be a bit of their experience. Narrative writing has become the most simple sort of work. Narrative writing makes it really easy for you to be in a position to connect unique occasions and stories. Narrative essays are frequently the norm in academia. A few of the essays require that you describe what's happening and a number of them are about why it's happening.

Essay about The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini - 1494 Words

The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini This essay will discuss the central themes of the book The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini. Because the story is told at a time before the War on Terror, it brings the reader back to an Afghanistan the average American never knew existed and presents the current socio-economic reality of a United States one may choose to ignore. The description of Afghanistan before its many occupations is a tragedy in itself. The Author portrays a country on the cusp of greatness, which of course makes the inevitable future occupations all the more tragic. When Amir returns to Afghanistan after nearly twenty years, his shock is palpable. He has come back to an entirely different country, and only fragments†¦show more content†¦Amir and his father flee to America to escape the Russian occupation of Afghanistan, and his country, like his best friend, soon becomes a distant memory. Twenty years later however, during the Talibans rule, Amir receives an urgent call that returns him to Afghan istan to face the demons he has been hiding from. Amir returns to Afghanistan to find Hassans orphaned son, Sohrab, has become the sexual plaything of Assef, the bully who had tormented both Amir and Hassan when they were young. Ultimately, Amir must defeat Assef in a raging physical battle, take the damaged Sohrab out of Afghanistan, and try to help him repair his spirit. The author touches upon the themes of strength of character, the resilience of the human spirit, mans inhumanity to man, the fragile relationship between fathers and sons, loyalty and devotion, and discrimination, bigotry, and class structure in Afghan society. The theme of strength of character is the most prevalent theme. Amir commits terrible sins against his friend and half-brother, Hassan. The story of what he does and how he seeks and finds atonement is a lesson for everyone who wants to do find a way to be good again. The theme of the resilience of the human spirit is also an important idea. Even though Amir has committed these sins, the inner strength that he had all along, but thought was somehow missing from his character, breaks though to allow him to find Sohrab and free him from theShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini883 Words   |  4 Pagesregret from past encounters and usually feel guilty and bitter about the situation. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, revolves around the theme of redemption. Redemption can be used as a cure for guilt. Throughout the novel, the author shows that redemption requires some sort of sacrifice and the only way that is possible is if you can forgive yourself from the mistakes you have made in the past. Khaled Hosseini effectively portrays redemption through motifs such as rape, irony and flashbacks, symbolismRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1651 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled H osseini describes the life of a boy, Amir. Amir’s best friend and brother (although that part isn’t known until towards the end), Hassan, plays a major role in Amir’s life and how he grows up. Hosseini portrays many sacrifices that are made by Hassan and Amir. Additionally, Amir seeks redemption throughout much of the novel. By using first person point of view, readers are able to connect with Amir and understand his pain and yearning for a way to be redeemedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1655 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Singer Major Works Data Form Title: The Kite Runner Author: Khaled Hosseini Date of Publication: 2003 Genre: Historical Fiction Historical information about the period of publication: Since the September 11th attacks in 2001, the United States has been at war with Afghanistan. Their goals were to remove the Taliban, track down those in charge of the attacks, and destroy Al-Qaeda. Biographical information about the author: Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. HIs motherRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, we learn a lot about Amir the main character, and Hassan his servant/brother. In the beginning Hassan and Amir’s relationship was one of brotherly love despite the fact that Hassan was a Hazara and Amir a Pashtun. Back in the 1970’s race and religion played a big part in Kabul and these two races were not suppose to have relationships unless it was owner (Pashtun) and servant (Hazara). Baba Amir’s father had an affair with Hassan’s mother, but it was kept aRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pagesis not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A prime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and minded man. This emotional and mental trip is partially based on Khaled Hosseini’s own life. Throughout Hosseini’sRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1908 Words   |  8 Pages​In the novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner†, written by Khaled Hosseini, was taken place in Afghanistan during the 1970’s to the year of 2002. Many historical events happened during this time period and Hosseini portrayed it into his novel. Kabul, the capitol of Afghanistan, was a free, living area for many Afghanistan families to enjoy the life they were given. Until one day, Afghanistan was then taken over and attacked. In the novel, Amir, the protagonist, must redeem himself and the history behind his actionsRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1050 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini 334). This quote given by Rahim Khan to Amir holds a great amount of force and symbolism. In theory, this quote symbolizes the beginning of Amir’s path to redemption. The eye-opening Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini tells about the struggles of Afghanistan before and during the Taliban, and one’s struggle for redemption and acceptance. With regards to the opening quote, some see Amir’s actions as selfish. However, others may believe that Amir truly changedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1583 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir, the main character, shares his thoughts and actions due to his poor decisions. The problems he encountered were all because of the sin committed in his youth. His sins taunted the beginning of his life and gave him a troublesome memory full of guilt. As the novel continued, Amir attempted to disengage the memory of his sin and forget about it. Amir then faced the long bumpy road to redemption. Khaled Hosseini’s novel the Kite Runner is about sinRead MoreThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini871 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is trying to fix that mistake. This also applies to the novel The Kite Runner. The story revolves around the main character Amir, and his childhood friend, Hassan. After Amir came to America with Baba, his father, he still regrets the things he had done to his childhood friend. He left Hassan getting raped by Assef in a small alley in 1975. Thereafter, Amir always feel regret and seeks for redemption. Hosseini -the author, argues that redemption can be achieved by helping others, teachRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini3402 Words   |  14 Pagestitle â€Å"The Kite Runner† is symbolic as fighting kites and the kite runnings are impacting moments in the novel. Hassan was the best kite runner in Kabul, if not the whole country, after Amir won the kite fighting the running of that last blue kite triggered the monumental changes for Amir. For the beginning of the story the kite running was associated with Hassan’s rape and Amir’s grief. As kites appear throughout the story, they begin Amir’s story and also end it. Amir flying the kite with Sohrab

The Theory Of Human Movement - 939 Words

As a graduating senior I often get asked the question why did you choose kinesiology, what even is kinesiology? While the â€Å"straight out book† answer would be, â€Å"the study of human movement, â€Å"may initially satisfy some, it often leaves me wanting to tell them more about how Kinesiology. The concept of this major is so much more than just â€Å"sports† and exercise. From kinesiology being built on n the foundation of kinetics it gives us a chance to be able to move and use certain mechanics within the body to give us a chance to dance with our spouse, hug our loved ones and run with our kids. And when unfortunate evens happen were we can’t perform those simple activity of motion, kinesiology gives us the fundamentals on how to give those that can’t â€Å"move† the gift of movement. A few years ago a simple movement of the swinging of ones legs or the moving of ones arms was something that my mother was unable to do. After being struck by a van while crossing in the cross walk on her way to work, her ability to move was gone at the blink of an eye. Over a course of a year and a few months Physical therapist and Occupational therapist knowledge about kinetics of the body, and their own personal philosophies, gave my mother the ability to get up and walk again and to live a normal life. Seeing these people give someone their life back without any medicines or surgery, and being able to work with these people so closely with my mother to make sure she received the best care possible,Show MoreRelatedHistory of Management Theory----Human Relations Movement1777 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Human relations movement emerged around the beginning of twenty century. It is defined as  ¡Ã‚ °a movement in management thinking and practice that emphasized satisfaction of employees ¡Ã‚ ¯ basic needs as the key to increased worker productivity. ¡Ã‚ ±(Samson, D., Daft.2005.P.60) To research about the impacts of human relations movement in New Zealand based company is the core of this essay, and in this case, the example of New Zealand based company is OCEANZ seafood Ltd, which is one of theRead MoreThe Human Relations Movement?890 Words   |  4 PagesThe Human Relations Movement When you hear human relations movement what do you think of? Do you know what the human relations movement is? To answer these questions first you need to understand which time period this movement came out of. Take a guess. To give you a hint this was the time of booming industrialization. Most men, women, and even children spent from before dawn to after dusk working in factories for minimal pay. If you guessed the 1920’s-30’s you would have been right. The human relationsRead MoreThe Neoclassical Organizational Theory Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesThe neoclassical organizational theory, which evolved as a reaction to the rigid, authoritarian structure of the classical organizational theory, focuses on the importance of human relations and behavior in the workplace (Docherty et al., 2001). According to the classical organizational theory, there is a single best method to designing an organization. Based on this theory, a manager must have close control over their subordinates, resulting in an organization with tall hierarchies and a narrowRead MoreClassical Management Theories1568 Words   |  7 Pagesmodels and theories. From the turn of the 20th Century, the need for a formal management theory was growing evident; organisations required a system to guide managers in an attempt to improve productivity and efficiency of workers. This urgency for a theory saw the development of six major management approaches, the focus of this ess ay will be on two of the classical management theories; the scientific management theory and the human relations movement. The contributions of both these theories will beRead MoreEssay about Classical Management Theories1523 Words   |  7 Pagesmodels and theories. From the turn of the 20th Century, the need for a formal management theory was growing evident; organisations required a system to guide managers in an attempt to improve productivity and efficiency of workers. This urgency for a theory saw the development of six major management approaches, the focus of this essay will be on two of the classical management theories; the scientific management theory and the human relations movement. The contributions of both these theories will beRead MoreHuman Relation1698 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Relations Theory Introduction The Human Relations Theory of organization came in to existence in 1930s as a reaction to the classical approach to organizational analysis. This is because the classical theorists neglected the human factor in the organization. The Classical theorists took a mechanical view of organization and underemphasized the sociopsychological aspects of individual’s behaviour in organization. It is this critical failure of the classical theory that gave birth to the humanRead MoreIn Outlining the Central Elements of Schmidt’s Schema Theory of Motor Learning, Comment on How It Attempted to Deal with the Shortcomings of Previous Models of Motor Learning.1501 Words   |  7 PagesSchmidt proposed his Schema Theory of Motor Learning. This theory was produced as an alternative theory to Adams’ Closed Loop Theory (1971). Schmidt (1982, p.482) says â€Å"In 1975, largely due to my dissatisfaction with Adams’ position, I formulated a theory that can be considered a rival to Adams’.† Schmidt had concerns about Adams’ theory, that it didn’t place enough emphasis on open loop control processes. According to Schmidt (1982) a major limitation of this theory is that it focuses on slow,Read MoreAnalysis Of Eisenstein And Vertov Are Two Filmmakers / Theorist That Made Films1365 Words   |  6 Pagestheir film theories. One of Eisenstein’s theories is that film should have a dialectic approach to create conflict. Furthermore, he states that conflict will spark active thinking in the spectator s mind. Another theory from Eisenstein is the methods of montage. There are five methods, but the one he highlights the most is the intellectual montage, which helps create an idea through juxtaposition to make the audience think about the film and social issues. In comparison, one of Vertov theories statesRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1339 Words   |  6 PagesCountless scientists spent their lives working on a succinct theor y of evolution, but none found as great of popularity and success as Charles Darwin. Using his concept of Natural Selection, Darwin managed to explain evolution in not just the organic world, but also in humans. The fact that Darwin’s theory transfers so easily to human society is no coincidence. After Darwin’s Beagle voyage, he returned to England during the Industrial Revolution. As a man of wealth, Darwin acted as a first-hand witnessRead MoreComparing Eisenstein And Vertov And Two Filmmakers And Theorists That Made Films1356 Words   |  6 Pagestheir film theories. One of Eisenstein’s theories is that film should have a dialectic approach to create conflict. Furthermore, he states that conflict will spark active thinking in the spectator s mind. Another theory from Eisenstein is the methods of montage. There are five methods, but the one he highlights the most is the intellectual montage, which helps create an idea through juxtaposition to make the audienc e think about the film and social issues. In comparison, one of Vertov theories states

A Father Son Alcohol Addiction Free Essays

Speech to Explain Outline Topic: Attraction Specific Purpose: To explain to the class why we may become attracted to someone and what happens in our body when we are. Thesis: There are certain theories as to why we become attracted to someone. When we are attracted to someone, our brains release specific chemicals, and we subconsciously let the person know we are attracted through body language. We will write a custom essay sample on A Father Son Alcohol Addiction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction: Your heart starts to race. You fix both your hair and your shirt. Your pupils dilate and your brain releases dopamine and adrenaline. What’s going on with you? You have a crush on someone and this is your body’s response to seeing and being around that person. I’m positive that we all know what this feels like. Since spring is upon us, leading to warmer weather and more exposed skin, I’m going to discuss a topic that we’re all familiar with around this time of the year: attraction. More specifically, I’m going to explain 1) theories as to why we become attracted to a certain person 2) what happens in our brains when we develop an attraction to someone, and 3) the physical signs of attraction. Trans: Let me start off by saying that attraction is defined as â€Å"the action or power of evoking interest, pleasure, or liking for someone or something†. That being said, let’s go over how it all starts: the reasons why we may become attracted to someone. * Most physical attraction starts with superficial qualities. * According to British scientist Charles Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory, men and women look for partners who exhibit fertility and health through their physical features so they can procreate. Men are more attracted to a woman with an hour glass figure * This is body type is a sign of sexual maturity because when girls go through puberty, they get fat deposits in their breasts, hips and butt. This creates a smaller looking waist, creating the hour glass figure. * Represents a high reproductive potential. * Women are more attracted to a man with broad shoulders and a narrow waist (â€Å"V† shaped body). * Men with this body type are seen as mo re dominant. * This body shape is also linked to greater levels of testosterone and good health. Women are also more attracted to older men, because with age comes more resources. * The evolutionary theory doesn’t take personality, facial features, and expressive style into account. * How a person identifies themselves can play a role in why they become attracted to someone. This is called the Matching Hypothesis. * Proposed by Elaine Hatfield, pioneer of the scientific study of romantic love and sexual desire, this theory is states that â€Å"people will choose someone of their own level of social desirability† when making dating and mating choices. If you think you’re a 10, you’re going to pursue 10’s. If you think you’re a 6, you’re going to pursue 6’s. * Fun fact: It only takes about a second to decide if you’re physically attracted to someone. (Too short, too tall, too skinny, etc. ) TRANS: The evolutionary theory a nd the matching hypothesis are just two possible explanations as to why we may develop a physical attraction to someone, both dealing with superficial qualities. Now let’s take a look at what’s going on in our brains when we become attracted to someone. The brain is responsible for being attracted to someone, not the heart. * The brain releases 3 chemicals called â€Å"monoamines† when attracted to someone. * Dopamine is a chemical that when released, gives you a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction. * When attracted to someone, it can be released when you see that person, when you talk to them, when they touch you, etc. * It is also released when eating chocolate and doing cocaine. * Helen Fisher, Rutgers University anthropologist expert on romantic love, states that the brain processes attraction the same way it would an addiction. Norepinephrine is a hormone that, when released, increases our heart rates and makes us start to sweat. * It is related to adrena line (â€Å"fight or flight† response) * Gives us those butterflies in our stomach, leaves us breathless. * Serotonin is a chemical that gives us a feeling of calmness and togetherness. * During the initial stages of attraction serotonin levels are low, which explains why we can’t eat or sleep or think about anything other than the person we’re attracted to. * Levels of serotonin rise when the attraction starts to progress into a relationship. The downside to this is that there is a lack of excitement in the relationship. TRANS: So, as the brain releases these chemicals, our bodies will show signs of these chemical and hormonal releases. Now I’m going to go over the physical signs that occur when you are attracted to someone. * An attraction to someone will manifest itself through body language * Your pupils will dilate * Dilation occurs because the release of dopamine when seeing an attractive person excites the nerve endings in your pupils, causing them to dilate. You start to mirror the other person’s actions * Body language mirroring happens subconsciously when you’re attracted to someone and things are going well. * If your crush leans in on the table, you will lean in on the table, if they cross their legs, you’ll cross your legs. * A 2009 study found that in a speed dating scenario, a woman who mimicked the actions of her date made the date a more positive and memorable experience in the man’s opinion. [Gugen] * You start to fix your appearance When you are or are expecting to be around your person of interest, you start to make yourself as visually appealing as possible. * For women, this could mean fixing your hair, adjusting your make up, showing off some skin. * For men, this could also mean fixing their hair, and adjusting their clothes. Trans: So, now that you know what some signs of a crush are, hopefully you can identify when someone’s attracted to you or not. Conclusion: To review, the evolutionary theory and the matching hypothesis are two possible explanations behind why we can become attracted to someone. Our brains release three chemicals when we are around the person we like, and our body language can give away if we are interested in a certain person. Now that you know a little bit about what goes on with our bodies, you can be better prepared the next time you develop an attraction to someone. Thank you. ‘Works Cited Dingfelder, Sadie. â€Å"More than a Feeling. †Ã‚  More Than A Feeling. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. . Hatfield, Elaine. Matching Hypothesis. Http://www. elainehatfield. com/ch108. pdf. N. p. , n. d. Web. â€Å"The Look of Love: Top 5 Physical Signs of Attraction.   HowStuffWorks. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Love Potion No. 9: Top 5 Love Chemicals in the Brain. †Ã‚  HowStuffWorks. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. Nicolas, Guegen. â€Å"Mimicry and Seduction: An Evaluation in a Courtship Context. †Ã‚  Taylor and Francis. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. . Riggio, Ronald. â€Å"Which Body Types Are Most Sexually Attractive. †Ã‚  PsychologyToday. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. . â€Å"The Science of Love. †Ã‚  BBC News. BBC, n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. . â€Å"Social Psychology. †Ã‚  SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. How to cite A Father Son Alcohol Addiction, Papers

Case Study on Strategic Management of Amazon.Com Inc.

Question: Critically examine the relationship and the need for compatibility between corporate strategic and functional management policies. Analyse the internal and external influences on corporate objectives and strategy. Demonstrate the need for flexibility in strategic management and the practical limits of quantifying corporate strategy. Answer: Introduction Amazon.com Inc. is the American electronic commerce company, which is popularly known as Amazon (Rollins and Sandberg 2013). The organization has cloud services as well and is headquartered in Seattle, Washington. In the United States, Amazon is the biggest internet-based retailer (Klaus 2013). The organization was started initially as online bookstore and later with product diversification, it expanded in United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, France, Italy, Mexico, India, China, Japan, Brazil, Australia and Netherlands (Klaus 2013). In this report, strategic choices that Amazon has taken will be discussed through internal and external analysis, competitive strategy, strategic choice and strategy evaluation. Corporate Objectives Amazon was founded by Jeff Bezos in the year 1994 and sold its first book in 1995. After that, the organization became one of the largest e-commerce giant in internet retail world. The vision statement of the organization is Our vision is to be earth's most customer centric company; to build a place where people can come to find and discover anything they might want to buy online (Amazon.co.uk. 2016). In order to incorporate the vision, the organization has developed the best transparent leadership style and its mission statement Earths most customer centric company reflects it (Amazon.co.uk. (2016). The corporate values of the organization include customer obsession, innovation, bias for action and leveraging commitment (Amazon.co.uk. 2016). The organization allocates a lot of information from target market and finally introduces wide range of daily products in cheap price. The organization collected revenue of US$ 107 billion in the year 2015, and it has net income of US$ 596 milli on in 2015 (Amazon.co.uk. 2016). Amazon has its scope of expansion in developing countries, especially in India. Figure 1: Amazon Revenue Earning (Source: Mooney and Slobodian 2016) External Analysis Macroeconomic Analysis Macro environmental analysis will be done by PESTLE analysis. Factors Explanation Politics Amazon was blocked in UK market in the past but in the recent years, government does not affect its operation Stable political scenario of UK has let the organization to operative exponentially Economics Consumer spending in UK varies so as to control inflation, which is reflected on interest rates, affecting the sales of Amazon Due to credit crunch and house loan tightening, UK e-commerce market has dropped slightly, giving rise to open markets in India and China With globalization, Amazon will get the opportunity to serve new products Social Online social networking has increased by 31.7% in UK giving rise to increased online retail advertisement High advantage to market products in the website reducing cost of operation Growth of internet by 28.9% has resulted more social bonding, which will give rise to sales Technology Technological innovation and enhanced Information Communication Technology will surely give rise to business broadening with cheaper cost Demand of technical devices such as TV, Smartphone, Tablets and laptops has enhanced the online shopping in UK Availability of rich media applications will enhance sales in the forthcoming years Legal There is no regulatory standards such as data protection act for e-commerce in UK No harsh governmental standards for e-commerce platform Environment UK is highly aware of global warming and pollution With reduction in travel more online shopping will increase in future Increasing motive of corporate social responsibility Green concept in packaging and postage Table 1: PESTLE Analysis of Amazon in UK (Source: Ritala, Golnam and Wegmann 2014) Competitive Analysis Porters Five Forces will provide detailed competitive analysis for Amazon. Threat from Substitute Threat of New Entry According to Chaudhari (2015), the threat of new market entry is quite lower for Amazon UK. This is because the organization has developed itself to a huge extent and provides numerous range of product for each category, which will not be supported by any new e-commerce company. Rivalry among Competitors The rivalry among competitors is high for Amazon UK. Hennig-Thurau, Hofacker and Bloching (2013) pointed out that Amazon provides wide range of products for each category, still its competitors such as eBay, Netflix, Apple, Google and Time Warner Cable are affecting its business in UK. On the other hand, Reid (2015) pointed out that auction websites are competitive enough for Amazon such as eBay, Ubid.com and other internet portal companies. Bargaining Power of Customer According to Irani and Silberman (2013), with high bargaining power of consumer, Amazon has to keep competitive pricing strategy. On the other hand, Bao and Chang (2014) pointed out that Amazon has very less overhead costs as it operates only through online. Amazon has huge customer centric tactics that has resulted in reducing its negative publicity. Bargaining power of Supplier Armstrong et al. (2014) pointed out that with medium-high bargaining power of supplier, Amazon has able to enrich its inventory with numerous suppliers from local companies in UK. Amazons goal is to offer everything to everyone. Furthermore, Scott (2015) pointed out that Amazon gives the opportunities to local entrepreneurs and new business to expand their sales through online platform. Figure 2: Porters Five Forces Analysis of Amazon (Source: Armstrong et al. 2014) Internal Analysis Strategic Capabilities Organizational resources and competences Scott (2015) opined that organizational resources are consisted of human, capital and physical factors. Amazon currently has 132,600 employees and more than 260 million registered clients. Some of the human resource policies that this organization enlists are employee empowerment, career choices, pay to quit and virtual contact center. On the other hand, Lafferty and Edmondson (2014) pointed out that the organization has the widest range of supply chain. This consists of local entrepreneurs, retail business sector and IT sector products, which indicates Amazon has the top range products in its market. As a result, the organization has created itself as the benchmark for other organizations in terms of cost cutting and product diversification. Basic and Unique Resources Basic and Unique Resources of Amazon Basic Resources Products consist of digital goods and services, books, household products and many others Warehouse Development system and employee training Customer database Customer service support Online marketing channel and promotion Kindle services Brand Popularity Supply chain Unique Resources Most diversified product category Strong revenue growth One click payment Product development Competitive pricing (heavy discounts) Amazon Web Services EC2 and S3 Quick delivery logistics Long term partnership with third party Senior management team has strong negotiation ability Flexible business expansion Table 2: Basic and Unique Resources of Amazon (Source: Malaga 2012) Business Functions The business function is consisted of online retail, internet services and Kindle ecosystem. Business Functions of Amazon.com Inc Online retail Traditional business consisting of online products, also known as traditional retailer Online retail is considered as the low cost retailer Biggest product selection consisting of family products, teenager products and digital gadgets Claims to be the long-tail retailer Internet Services Consisted of both retail business and Kindle Ecosystem Started to provided services such as Amazon Prime, video-streaming, retail purchases at convenient price All you can eat and subscription business model Amazon Web Services (AWS) Kindle ecosystem Expanding the family of Kindle tablets in the UK market Electronic eBook reader Acts as both traditional retailer and manufacturer Business Model canvas in given in Appendix 1 Table 3: Business Functions of Amazon.com Inc (Source: Fowler, Pitta and Leventhal 2013) Basis of Competitive Strategy Key Market Segments According to Bruce and Solomon (2013), Amazon.com identifies the most appropriate market segments for its wide range of products. Reczek, Haws and Summers (2014) pointed out that Amazon has product range from all category of people and thus, it has the widest range of consumer. The market segments of Amazon.com are given below. Market segmentation of Amazon.com is given in figure 3. Johnston (2014) pointed out that Amazon.com is not restricted to any behavioral segment, which indicates it has the widest range of products. The products are available in all countries and are recently launched in China. Products such as baby toys and handicapped items are available online, which indicates consumers of all age are satisfied with the products. Amazon products are available for any type of family, any income group and middle-education level people. Figure 3: Market Segmentation of Amazon.com (Source: Hathaway 2014) Business Strategy Through Porters Generic Strategy Framework, business strategy will be defined. Figure 4: Porters Generic Strategy Framework for Amazon.com (Source: Gopaldas 2015) According to Mata and Quesada (2014), the broad functions of Amazon consists price determination and cost cutting. Both of these functions reduces the cost of products and even reduces the organizational expenditure. On the other hand, Kim (2014) pointed out that Amazon has ensured differentiation in terms of both product and price. The organization maintains different pricing strategy such as competitive pricing for saturated products and premium pricing for latest entries. Chaffey, Smith and Smith (2012) pointed out that Amazon ensures bulk supplies and keeps strong relationship with them. In this way, focus on cost reduction has been ensured by Amazon, which gave rise to accelerated consumer loyalty. Strategic Choice Ansoff Matrix will explain Strategic choice of Amazon.com. Figure 5: Ansoff Matrix of Amazon.com (Source: Ivanova, Scholz and Dorner 2013) According to Sheth, Parvatiyar and Sinha (2015), Amazon.com needs to penetrate into new market by more advertising programs and loyalty programs. This is because Amazon has a lot of products available in its website that is not known by the consumers of UK. Such products are art supplies, medical equipment, and central government job exam materials. On the other hand, Pousttchi and Hufenbach (2014) pointed out that product development of Amazon.com has to be ensured by packaging system and new area development plan. Packaging will ensure product robustness and even act as the mode of advertisement. According to Shamma and Hassan (2013), in the new market, such products are required to be included by Amazon that has the highest demand in other countries such as technical gadgets and home equipment. On the other hand, Hannah et al. (2014) pointed out that in new market, penetration pricing of products is to be ensured so that new consumers are engaged. Furthermore, Panagiotelis, Smith and Danaher (2014) opined that Amazon.com needs to include new services such as virtual money, payment gateway elegancy and coupons for retail megastores. Strategy Evaluation Suitability According to Lund and Marinova (2014), in the UK market, a large number of people is spending more time in social networking sites than in television. Therefore, Amazon has the opportunity to give more advertisements through social networking sites, which will engage more consumers. Amazon does not consider marketing programs such as marketing campaign and events (Yadav et al. 2013). Therefore, for product expansion, it needs to ensure physical campaign in crowded areas, which will allocate more consumers. On the other hand, introduction of new products in the market will ensure huge suitability as the amount of entrepreneurship in increasing rapidly in UK. Such businesses will be able to sell their products via online platform such as Amazon. Serial Number Factors Explanation 1 Economic sense High demand with high supply and therefore low price for quality products 2 Economics of scale Lower fixed cost and variable cost due to rise in sale Increasing operational efficiencies Cost advantage leading to price reduction 3 Environment and capabilities Rising businesses in UK and entrepreneurship Table 4: Suitability Analysis (Source: Yadav et al. 2013) Acceptability Amazon can accept the strategies discussed in Ansoff Matrix because it is practical enough for the organization to expand its market in new nations through product diversification. Amazons amount of revenue earning is highest among its competitors in UK and therefore this may aid in establishing any new market (Yadav et al. 2013). On the other hand, the online services will include new coupon generation for retail megastores in the form of virtual money. This is acceptable for the organization, as it will in turn generate more revenue. Feasibility All the strategies that have been presented in the Ansoff Matrix require a lot of capital. Amazon has the ability to share 20 percent of its capital that is earned from other countries for establishing new markets (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). Therefore, it is feasible for the organization to establish new markets through events and marketing campaigns. Serial Number Factors Explanation 1 Funding Supporting fund from revenue generated by other matured markets Fund from investors 2 People Small businesses and entrepreneurs Human resource through campus drive 3 Time Within 10 months to 12 months 4 Information Demand forecasting Availability of suppliers Availability of entrepreneurs Identification of competitors Table 4: Feasibility factors fulfillment of Amazon (Source: West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015) Figure 6: Feasibility forecasting of Amazon (Source: Picard 2014) Conclusion and Recommendation Brief conclusion Amazon.com has been found to grow gradually in UK and other nations. The strategic issues are related with advertisements strategy and market penetration with new products. Therefore, through strategic analysis, it has been formulated that the organization needs to initiate marketing campaign and physical events in crowded locations. The products are available only in online store and therefore, Amazon needs to get in tough physically with the people of UK and in new markets as well so as to enhance brand awareness and consumer loyalty. Through feasibility test, it has been found that revenue will positively accelerate in the next four years, and therefore Amazon needs to organize such marketing events in future. Capitalizing Strength Amazon has reached in various nations in terms of market expansion by offering best discounts and daily products for its valuable consumers. On the other hand, Amazon does not organize marketing events. As this organization is following only product differentiation and cost cutting, hence it can be said that the company has been capitalizing its strengths. Main Weakness Amazon is moving away from its core competence of book selling to new product diversification, which may impact its business. Offering free shipping to its consumers Amazon might be in danger by losing margins. Amazon operates in near zero margin business model, but still meaning profit has not been gained by the organization. Managing Threats Amazon is trying to manage its threats only by product diversification and entering into new markets. This is the best way to reduce threat as risk is getting minimized and opportunity for revenue earning is increasing with expansion. Contradiction There is no contradiction in between strategic choices and vision taken by Amazon. Vision clearly indicates that consumer can find any product in their website and so it is following product diversification, which has resulted in building the top e-commerce platform globally. Reference List Amazon.co.uk. 2016. Amazon.co.uk: Low Prices in Electronics, Books, Sports Equipment more. [online] Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2016]. Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014.Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Bao, T. and Chang, T.L.S., 2014. Finding disseminators via electronic word of mouth message for effective marketing communications.Decision Support Systems,67, pp.21-29. Bao, T. and Chang, T.L.S., 2014. Why Amazon uses both the New York Times Best Seller List and customer reviews: An empirical study of multiplier effects on product sales from multiple earned media.Decision Support Systems,67, pp.1-8. Bruce, M. and Solomon, M.R., 2013. Managing for media anarchy: a corporate marketing perspective.Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,21(3), pp.307-318. Chaffey, D., Smith, P.R. and Smith, P.R., 2012.eMarketing eXcellence: Planning and optimizing your digital marketing. Routledge. Chaudhari, H., 2015. The Impact of Zero-Price Promotions on Sales: A case study of Amazon Appstore. Fowler, D., Pitta, D. and C. Leventhal, R., 2013. Technological advancements and social challenges for one-to-one marketing.Journal of Consumer Marketing,30(6), pp.509-516. Gopaldas, A., 2015. Creating firm, customer, and societal value: Toward a theory of positive marketing.Journal of Business Research,68(12), pp.2446-2451. Hannah, D., Parent, M., Pitt, L. and Berthon, P., 2014. It's a secret: Marketing value and the denial of availability.Business Horizons,57(1), pp.49-59. Hathaway, S., 2014. The point of purchase is wherever the consumer is, so what is the future for shopper marketing?Journal of Brand Strategy,3(2), pp.139-147. Hennig-Thurau, T., Hofacker, C.F. and Bloching, B., 2013. Marketing the pinball way: Understanding how social media change the generation of value for consumers and companies.Journal of Interactive Marketing,27(4), pp.237-241. Irani, L.C. and Silberman, M., 2013, April. Turkopticon: Interrupting worker invisibility in amazon mechanical turk. InProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 611-620). ACM. Ivanova, O., Scholz, M. and Dorner, V., 2013. Does Amazon Scare Off Customers? The Effect of Negative Spotlight Reviews on Purchase Intention. InWirts chafts informatik(p. 2). Johnston, W.J., 2014. The future of business and industrial marketing and needed research.Journal of Business Market Management,7(1), pp.296-300. Kim, J.B., 2014. Impact of Online Customer Reviews and Incentives on the Product Sales at the Online Retail Store: An Empirical Study at Amazon. com. Klaus, P., 2013. The case of Amazon. com: towards a conceptual framework of online customer service experience (OCSE) using the emerging consensus technique (ECT).Journal of Services Marketing,27(6), pp.443-457. Lafferty, B.A. and Edmondson, D.R., 2014. A note on the role of cause type in cause-related marketing.Journal of Business Research,67(7), pp.1455-1460. Lovelock, C., Patterson, P.G. and Wirtz, J., 2014.Services marketing. Pearson Australia. Lund, D.J. and Marinova, D., 2014. Managing revenue across retail channels: The interplay of service performance and direct marketing.Journal of Marketing,78(5), pp.99-118. Malaga, R.A., 2012. Responding to State Sales Tax Laws for Online Retailers-A Case Study of Amazon and The States.Journal of Applied Business Research,28(6), p.1229. Mata, F.J. and Quesada, A., 2014. Web 2.0, social networks and e-commerce as marketing tools.Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research,9(1), pp.56-69. Mooney, M. and Slobodian, S., 2016. Seeing the wood for the trees: Fixing large undefined problems in digital marketing.Journal of Digital Social Media Marketing,3(4), pp.294-303. Panagiotelis, A., Smith, M.S. and Danaher, P.J., 2014. From Amazon to Apple: Modeling online retail sales, purchase incidence, and visit behavior. Journal of Business Economic Statistics,32(1), pp.14-29. Picard, R.G., 2014. 12 Digital Media and the Roots of Marketing Strategy. Policy and marketing strategies for digital media,19, p.195. Pousttchi, K. and Hufenbach, Y., 2014. Engineering the value network of the customer interface and marketing in the data-rich retail environment. International Journal of Electronic Commerce,18(4), pp.17-42. Reczek, R.W., Haws, K.L. and Summers, C.A., 2014. Lucky loyalty: the effect of consumer effort on predictions of randomly determined marketing outcomes.Journal of Consumer Research,41(4), pp.1065-1077. Reid, S., 2015. A critique on the multinational marketing strategies. Scholedge International Journal of Business Policy Governance ISSN 2394-3351,2(3), pp.1-5. Ritala, P., Golnam, A. and Wegmann, A., 2014. Coopetition-based business models: The case of Amazon. com.Industrial Marketing Management,43(2), pp.236-249. Rollins, M. and Sandberg, R., 2013.The business of Android apps development: making and marketing apps that succeed on Google Play, Amazon Appstore and more. Apress. Scott, D.M., 2015.The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons. Shamma, H. and Hassan, S., 2013. Customer-driven benchmarking: A strategic approach toward a sustainable marketing performance. Benchmarking: An International Journal,20(3), pp.377-395. Sheth, J.N., Parvatiyar, A. and Sinha, M., 2015. The conceptual foundations of relationship marketing: Review and synthesis.Journal of Economic Sociology= Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya,16(2), pp.119-149. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press. Yadav, M.S., De Valck, K., Hennig-Thurau, T., Hoffman, D.L. and Spann, M., 2013. Social commerce: a contingency framework for assessing marketing potential.Journal of Interactive Marketing,27(4), pp.311-323.